Childhood Obesity Solutions Essay Example for Free

Childhood Obesity Solutions Essay Prevalence of childhood obesity has increased greatly in the recent years, so much so that the number of children considered overweight by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has nearly quadrupled among children aged 6-11 years old (Cawley, Meyerhoefer, and Newhouse, 2007, p.506). Many members of the public, media, and congress have declared childhood obesity as a major public health concern, considering it to be an â€Å"important cause and consequence of wider disparities in health† (Freudenberg, Libman, and O’Keefe, 2010). Director of the division of nutrition, physical activity and obesity at the CDC, Dr. William H. Dietz, went as far as to say â€Å"This may be the first generation of children that has a lower life span than their parents† (Roberts Wilson, 2012). Though it is evident steps are needed to be taken to help protect the health and futures of our youth, those with the most power to actually make a visible, long lasting environmental change are the most reluctant to do so. Policymakers have alternate interests in finances that water down their attempts to take charge. Sadly, often times playing the social problems game takes precedence over the more genuine social problems work. As a Washington Post article so boldly states â€Å"In the political arena, one side is winning the war on child obesity. The side with the fattest wallets.† (Roberts Wilson, 2012) Proposals that frame childhood obesity as being an inevitable result of increasing environmental surroundings by unhealthful foods are too often neglected by government officials more willing to frame childhood obesity as an individual problem. Indeed it is more convenient to claim providing freedom of choice to individuals who are capable of making their own decisions, emphasizing self regulation, and freeing themselves of responsibility to their nation to lead in financially beefy actions. This essay seeks to demonstrate that childhood obesity should no longer be considered an individual cause stemming from lifestyle choices which can be changed through minor solutions such as education in physical activity and nutrition. Unfortunately, this social problems ownership has become the taken-for-granted frame for this problem (Loseke, 2003, p.69). Childhood obesity really is a social problem which is a direct result from our environment, social structures emphasizing fast, unhealthy, frankly JUNK food which is readily available in any given neighbourhood and continuously marketed through all mediums to increase profits to some select wealthy individuals. I will stress that the only solutions met by this pressing issue have been solely symbolic solutions which have been prematurely praised as they are false attempts to appear loyal to the public, communities, and school systems, while truly remaining loyal to the corporations, who some may very well be held entirely accountable. Within this paper the exploration of three chosen symbolic solutions to date will include: American Government’s distribution of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Midcourse Report: Strategies for Increasing Physical Activity Among Youth, the national law passing of requiring restaurants with 20 or more chains to provide calorie information on menus and menu boards, and lastly, the enhancement of PE requirements for school aged children. The distribution of said guidelines is reported to be important by reviewing â€Å"the evidence on strategies to increase youth physical activity and make recommendations and to communicate findings to the public.† (Rodgers, 2012, p.10) This report focuses on five settings, but in reality only offers strategies for 3 of them. Two settings (Home and Family, and Primary Care settings) received no proposed strategies to increase physical activity among youth, and focused only on areas requiring further research (p.7). Those settings which did receive proposed strategies were quite obvious suggestions which doubtfully would have any significant impact on physical activity among youth. One such suggestion is to â€Å"provide teachers with appropriate training† (p.5). Although it must be noted that this is not a report distributed solely to decrease obesity among youth, it is distributed to increase physical activity among youth, which is not the same, though admittedly similar. On the webpage this guide is provided, a number of other arbitrary tools can also be found. Webinars on online nutrition information, fact sheets, blogs, access to printable posters, and more. Educating the public, educating the parents of youth, and the youth themselves of course is important. At what point however will it be supplemented by restrictions on marketing of food and beverages to youth, which this guideline reports is estimated at a whopping $10 billion per year, but shows no indication of wanting to reduce or restrict this, and can only suggest counterbalancing with media campaigns directed to offset these unhealthy images (Rodgers, 2012, p. 3). One article is more forward in summarizing â€Å"Despite this widespread recognition of negative impact of marketing unhealthy foods, the practice continues unabated.† (Harvard School of Public Health, 2012) Mandated menu labelling of calories in some American jurisdictions was passed in 2008, requiring restaurant chains with 20 or more facilities to post calorie information next to each item on their menus and menu board (Kuo, Jarosz, Simon and Fielding, 2009, p.1680). This new law was backed by evidence that â€Å"eating fast food has been shown to increase caloric intake and the risk of becoming obese† (Harvard School of Public Health, 2012). As an alternative to restricting what is sold in these fast food chains, restricting advertising of these products, or perhaps even zoning restrictions on how many fast food restaurants were permitted to be within a certain range of schools, this new law appears to be the most liberal of solutions, and the most beneficial for the companies selling these high calorie foods. Findings from a health impact assessment are as follows: â€Å"mandated menu labelling at fast food and other large chain restaurants could reduce population weight gain, even with only modest changes in consumer behaviour.† (Kuo, Jarosz, Simon and Fielding, 2009, p.1683) As promising as this is, it is followed by a stronger and more realistic assessment stating â€Å" if nonobese restaurant patrons were more likely to order reduced calorie meals than were obese patrons, the impact on the obesity rate could be less than what we reported†. Because there was no study conducted on the weight of those opting for calorie reduced items, it is difficult to say if this solution is beneficial to the target audience, obese people in these jurisdictions. If changes are being made that is great, but there is no evidence to date to support this influencing the rising issue of obesity. It is just another means of essentially saying that the government is willing to educate on the food being provided and it is the choice of the individual, to consume or not consume. One solution offered by government recognizes that with the majority of youth enrolled in schools, school is an ideal place to provide much needed physical activity to students (Rodgers, 2012). In implementation, many state policies require schools to â€Å"have a PE unit requirement that constrains students to spend a minimum amount of time in PE class† (Cawley, Meyerhoefer, and Newhouse, 2007, p. 508). A study evaluating the effectiveness of such policies revealed that, naturally, a required PE unit is correlated with a higher probability that the student participates in PE (Cawley, Meyerhoefer, and Newhouse, 2007, p. 511). Although this is clearly a positive outcome of enforcing requirements among youth to enroll in PE classes, this same study goes on to say that â€Å"a requirement is correlated with students reporting fewer minutes spent active in PE†(p.511). Yes, you read that correctly, specifically 15.1 fewer minutes active in PE for boys, and 3.1 fewer in PE for girls (p.511-512). In conclusion, this report sums up the opposing information by stating that â€Å"curriculum development is not significantly associated with the amount of time spent active in PE†. As such, the implementation of these programs sounds a lot more effective in theory then it is in practice. All three of these solutions offered by government are certainly steps in recognizing that childhood obesity is in fact prevalent in our society. These solutions also claim that something can be done to reduce the level of harm to children’s health, and that actions should be implemented in correcting this epidemic. Essentially childhood obesity is a recognized social problem in our society. Unfortunately because the victims, (obese children), are politically powerless individuals, proposals to decrease the harm attributed to them have been, and will continue to be symbolic. Sadly, effort from interest groups with good intentions can be overshadowed by the social problems game of politics. This concept is not lost in an article posted in The New York Academy of Medicine which reads as follows: â€Å"private interests generally have more resources and skills than public health reformers to achieve their policy goals, and are more successful in resisting changes than advocates are in implementing them. These structural barriers are a powerful deterrent to reducing childhood obesity. Creating cities where health rather than business concerns take precedence will require new approaches to governance and democracy.† (Freudenberg, Libman, and O’Keefe, 2010, p.761) It appears as though, for now, the social problems game of proposing symbolic solutions for childhood obesity is being accepted by audiences. Since Loseke claims that â€Å"the goal of social problems game is persuading audience members† (p.51), government officials, the players, are succeeding. References Cawley, J., Meyerhoefer, C. and Newhouse, D. (2007), The correlation of youth physical activity with state policies. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25: 506–517. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7287.2007.00070.x Fredenberg, N., Libman, K., O’Keefe, E. (2010), A tale of two obescities: The role of municipal governance in reducing childhood obesity in New York city and London. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 87:5 doi:10.1007/s11524-101-943-x Harvard School of Public Health, (2012), The obesity prevention source toxic food environment. Retrieved from: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ Kuo, T., Jarosz, C., Simon,P., Fielding, J. (2009), Menu labelling as a potential strategy for combating obesity epidemic: A health impact assessment. American Journal of Public Health, 99:9 doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153023 Loseke, D. (2003), Thinking about social problems. New York: Walter de Gruyter, Inc. Robert, J., Wilson, D., (2012, April 27), Special report: How Washington went soft on childhood obesity. Reuters. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/ Rodgers, A., (2012), Physical activity guidelines for Americans mid-course report: strategies to increase physical activities among youth. US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from: http://health.gov/paguidelines/default.aspx

Healthcare and Public Health Critical Infrastructure Sector

Healthcare and Public Health Critical Infrastructure Sector In order to optimize the security and resilience of the countries critical infrastructure, it is essential for a concerted approach that integrates all relevant partners and stakeholders. The healthcare and public health sector are crucial partners towards this end. The continuity of healthcare operations in times of emergency is quintessential. They role is disaster response and response makes them an asset and elevates their importance to national security beyond mere stakeholder status. The necessity for a sector-specific plan that optimizes the relationship between the players in the healthcare and public health industry and liaising with the department of homeland security has become vital. In the contemporary society, threats to the countries critical infrastructure have evolved diversifying into digital and biological platforms. The Healthcare and Public Health (HPH) Sector-Specific Plan (SSP) is created to champion cross-sector effort sector and collaboration towards enhancin g security and resilience of the industries critical infrastructure covering all hazards. The guidance of the SSP is meant to customize the guidance to be relevant to the applicable industry players. This entails ensuring the strategic guidance is compatible with the risk landscape and unique operating landscape of the healthcare and public health sector. The above prevents the sector layers from expending energy on extraneous factors. The National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013 has been instrumental towards that end. The sector has formulated an integrated approach to managing the risks to industrys critical infrastructure and corresponding workforce. The approach involves identification and preparation for the potential threats as well as hazards. Preparedness assumes that the all hazard risks are always imminent. In order to consider all dimensions of attack, the cross-sector councils are allowed to leverage simulation technology to visualize the full range of consequences in the instance of a biological attack (Almklov Antonsen, 2014). The SSP has proved innovative in its approach even utilizing potential risk scenarios inspired by films. The above is important given the last terrorist attack was attributed to a lapse in the imagination. Another strategy employed towards anticipating the above eventuality is mitigating weaknesses identified in the HPH critical infrastructure, its networks, and systems. Once the vulnerabilities are highlighted, ad hoc strategic plans to fix them are recommended lest they expand. The critical infrastructure within the purview of the healthcare and public health extends beyond the internal assets (Wulff, Donato Lurie, 2015). Even out of a sector, dependencies such as are with within their logistic and supply chain that can be exploited and other interdependencies are areas of interest. In order to optimize continuity, the approach posits adapting to the dynamic industry externalities to increase resilience faster disruptions owing to emergencies regardless their cause. The approach strives to reduce the potential impact of these eventualities and timely restoration of the critical infrastructure to optimal functioning. To ensure the efficiency of the approach optimization of public-private partnership and collaborative risk management becomes necessary. The goals and objectives of the stakeholders of the industry should be aligned from the onset and a free flow of information towards that end should be facilitated. The HPH Sector objectives from its vision, mission, and goals are validated in policy. It follows that policy impediments in the national arena and within the sector should be addressed promptly (Homeland Security, 2016). Apart from the policy, the guiding principles of the sector are formulated after consideration of multiple factors ranging from the current progress in risk mitigation, the available resources, identified capability gaps, emerging risks and the prevalent risk management priorities. These objectives are utilized to coordinate the collective operations within the sector. They reflect considerations of not only the HPH sub-sector but also the regional, local public and private partners. Efforts to mobilize public-private partnership support needs of HPH critical infrastructure are underway. The local, territorial, tribal, and federal government partners are not only involved in the conversation but their input is solicited during decision-making to increase their stake s in the outcome of the approach. The Sector Partnership Mission towards increasing the health sectors resilience aims to sustain the vital functions of the United States healthcare and public health delivery system. Similarly, it endeavors to espouse effective emergency preparedness and subsequent response to nationwide major hazards. Public and private sector partners are instrumental in evaluating risks; lobbying fro policy changes, coordinate plans, and provision of guidance towards preventing, protecting, mitigating, responding to, and recovering from all hazards threatening the HPH critical infrastructure.   The key sector-specific goals strive to manage the identified risks the vulnerabilities and potential consequences of disruptions. The risk management is the second step of the approach by translating the analyses of the sector into implementable recommendations for local and state public health departments as well as private sector facilities (Katina, Pinto, Bradley, Hester, 2014). The recommendations should be actionable and customized to the issues facing the respective institutions. The risk analyses should be translated into response and recovery efforts. To facilitate information sharing new mechanism as well as existing ones should be harness ensure the free flow of information. The flow implies it is bidirectional; each partner and stakeholders should give and receive information. Similarly, the government and the private sector should emulate best practices from each other. The sector goals should strive to develop and implement partnership engagement strategies to strengthen coordination. This will increase facilitate outreach efforts by reducing relationship constraints (May Koski, 2013). The operators and owners of the critical infrastructure should be acquainted with the behavioral patterns of their counterparts. The strengthening the relationships expedites the speed of information sharing and subsequent response time. The partnerships should be convenient by concentrating on the regional, local networks towards a national preparedness (Moteff, 2010). The purview of the sector specific plan involves also the cyber security attacks. The above would cripple technologically dependent networks like transport and even directly affect the health data framework. During response and recovery, the sector should be able to learn from past attacks and enact effective corrective measures (Perakslis, 2014). While seeking innovating strategies of increasing response speeds after disasters, it is equally essential to leverage past mishaps. The U.S. De partment of Health and Human Services (HHS) working in tandem with other industry players be required to evaluate their sectors milestones towards implementing recommendations.   An aggressive awareness campaign among the industry stakeholders to reiterate the essence of their input is required. The entire critical infrastructure community regardless their size their counsel should be considered (Solanas et al., 2014). The new approach as recognized that the vulnerabilities arise from the assets that are underestimated as insignificant, the specific sector focus is hinged on attention to detail. Beyond the traditional partners federal departments international partners and private sector owners even the perspective of an actual health practitioner has been given premium. The critical infrastructure workforce is strategic in identifying industry and system dysfunctionalities than an outsider (Therrien, Normandin Denis, 2017). The nonprofit sector has been instrumental in the post consequence period adding in the expediting resilience. The NGO has a close and sustainable relationship with the healthcare and public health industry as often their relief services compliment the sectors goals. The specific sector plan acts as a store for information and a centralized location where all the relevant stakeholders can access the data they require optimizing resilience and straightening their collaborative efforts (Torchia, Calabrà ² Morner, 2015). The interdependence of sectors in contemporary society implies that a catastrophe affecting the health sector will cripple the other accompanying infrastructure like transport. For instance, an airborne disease outbreak will inhibit mobility in public transport platforms. It follows that the public becomes a crucial stakeholder thus the need to facilitate access to non-critical information of resilience programs through the specific sector plan. The HPH Sectors critical infrastructure and its corresponding factors operate in a dynamic and increasingly complex setting. The shifting goal posts due to technological innovations and political changes may lead to confusion in managing the professional workforce, the systems, and assets, systems, and professional workforce operates in a highly complex and dynamic risk environment. For instance, the political changes have repealed the patient protection act causes the entire industry to adjust to new realities. Similarly, the changes in the climate have increased the frequency of naturally occurring threats though one can argue they there are artificially induced. The size of the sector and the interconnections of its networks further aggravate the situation. The open access to a majority of health facilities, physical facilities, operations, and system interconnections make the sector innately vulnerable. Towards strengthening preventative measure in the risk-prone environment, col laboration between government and the HHP sector becomes crucial. The sector has to capitalize on the vast resources at its disposal ranging from digital capabilities, consultancy resources, and other diverse authorities. The success of a program is attached to the proponents capabilities to harness wide spectrum of resources. Information sharing is not an option but the premise of the program. As the treats as constantly evolving, the sector should be equally flexible accommodating updates, and reprioritization of risk managements strategies towards optimizing security. The sector leadership should periodically evaluate the progress in implementing the recommendations in order to identify their shortcomings. References Almklov, P. G., Antonsen, S. (2014). Making work invisible: new public management and operational work in critical infrastructure sectors. Public Administration, 92(2), 477-492. Homeland Security, (2016). Healthcare and Public Health Sector-Specific Plan. Washington, D.C: Department of Homeland Security. Katina, P. F., Pinto, C. A., Bradley, J. M., Hester, P. T. (2014). Interdependency-induced risk with applications to healthcare. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 7(1), 12-26. May, P. J., Koski, C. (2013). Addressing public risks: Extreme events and critical infrastructures. Review of Policy Research, 30(2), 139-159. Moteff, J. D. (2010). Critical infrastructures: Background, policy, and implementation. DIANE Publishing. Perakslis, E. D. (2014). Cybersecurity in health care. The New England journal of medicine, 371(5), 395. Solanas, A., Patsakis, C., Conti, M., Vlachos, I. S., Ramos, V., Falcone, F. Martinez-Balleste, A. (2014). Smart health: a context-aware health paradigm within smart cities. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(8), 74-81. Therrien, M. C., Normandin, J. M. Denis, J. L. (2017). Bridging complexity theory and resilience to develop surge capacity in health systems. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 31(1). Torchia, M., Calabrà ², A., Morner, M. (2015). Public-private partnerships in the health care sector: A systematic review of the literature. Public Management Review, 17(2), 236-261. Wulff, K., Donato, D., Lurie, N. (2015). What is health resilience and how can we build it? Annual review of public health, 36, 361-374.

Rousseau and the Positive Theory of Liberty Essays -- Philosophy

Liberty impacts two main areas of political thought; the state of nature and the social contract. This essay will examine wither or not it is proper to characterize Jean Jacque Rousseau as holding a positive theory of liberty. To determine to what extends this is true the following areas must be taken into account and explored; the definitions of liberty and freedom, Isaiah Berlin’s concept of positive and negative liberty, Rousseau understands of Liberty and also why Rousseau’s theory can be characterised as positive liberty. The main argument of this essay is that Rousseau does hold a positive theory of liberty. Jean Jacque Rousseau was born on the 28th June 1712 and died on the 2nd July 1778. Rousseau was a major Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century during the Romanticism era. His political philosophy was heavily influenced by the French Revolution and the American Revolution and also influenced his overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought. Some of Rousseau’s famous works include the Social Contract or Du contrat social (1762) and Emile (1762). Firstly before establishing withers or not Rousseau’s theory of liberty is characterized as positive it important to begin defining what Liberty actually is. The Oxford dictionary defines liberty as ‘the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one’s behavior or political views’ (Oxford Dictionaries ). Isaiah Berlin (1909-97) argues that there are two different concepts of liberty: negative and positive. He states the negative liberty is ‘namely freedom from constraint or interface’ (Warburton, 2004, p. 232) or in other words absence of coercion, barriers, restraint or obstacl... ...rieved 12 2010, 9, from Oxford Dictionaries : http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0315030#m_en_gb0315030 (n.d.). Retrieved 12 2010, 9, from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberty-positive-negative/ Berlin, I. (1969). Two Concepts of Liberty. In Four Essays on Liberty. London: Oxford University Press. Haddock, B. (2008 ). A History of Political Thought . Cambridge: Polity . Replogle, R. (1989). Recovering the Social Contract. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. Rousseau, J. J. (1923). The Social Contract and Discourses translated with an Introduction by G.D. H. Cole . Londan and Toronto: J.M Dent and Sons. Shklar, J. (1969). Men and Citizens: A study of Rousseau's social theory. Cambridge: Cambridge UNiversity Press. Warburton, N. (2004). Philosoph: Basic Reading Second Edition . New York : Routledge .

The Brandenburg Gate Essay -- History Construction Architecture Essays

The Brandenburg Gate The Brandenburg Gate is the trademark of Berlin and over the coarse of its life has been the symbol of peace, victory, power, division, hope, and a united Germany. The gate is a symbol for Germany much like the Eiffel tower is a symbol for France. The gate is located on the Pariser Platz. It is the only gate of a series of gates that once stood in Berlin. The gate is located on Berlin’s most famous street the "Unter den Linden," or "Under the Lime Trees." This street is straight as an arrow, a mile in length and leads directly to the royal residence. Due to these conditions the gate is visible from a great distance. Karl Gotthard Langhans was the designer of The original Brandenburg Gate which was commissioned by Friedrich Wilhelm II to represent peace. It was designed after the Propylea, which is the gateway to the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. The Gate was built out of sandstone and construction lasted from1788 to 1791. The Brandenburg gate is about 70 feet in height and 200 feet in breadth, consisting of twelve Greek Doric columns, six on each side. There are five roadways through the gate, although originally ordinary citizens were only allowed to use the outer two and the central one was reserved for carriages of royalty only. Above the gate is the Quadriga, consisting of the goddess of peace, Eirene, a winged woman driving a four horse chariot in triumph. This Quadriga is a casting made of bronze. The most important sculptor in Berlin during this period was chosen to carry out the necessary sculpting work. His work Personifies virtues like friendship and statesmanship, along with symbols o f arts and sciences, because these are things that make a city bloom in times of peace (source 2). The desi... ...ate is probably the most well-known landmark in Berlin; it now stands as a symbol of the reunification of the two sides of this great city. An interesting structural note about the Brandenburg Gate is that it sways about one centimeter because of the passing of trucks, subway trains, and cars blaring loud music. Today's international visitors to Pariser Platz come to re-experience this first gateway to the city, and to enjoy the long-denied freedom to walk through this magnificent work of art. Work Cited 1.) http://www.berlin-landmarks.com/brandenburg_gate.html , October 19 2.) http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Brandenburg_Gate, October 19 3.) http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/denkmal/denkmale_in_berlin/en/unter_den_l inden/brandenburger_tor.shtml, October 19 4.) http://www.berlin-hotels.com/eng/guide/sights/brandenburggate.html, October 19

Nature vs. Nurture and the Developing Theory of Nature via Nurture Essa

Outline Thesis: At the moment, there is no definitive answer to the question of nature vs. nurture, there is, however, compelling evidence that the theory of Nature via. Nurture could be the solution. I. Introduction A. Nature versus Nurture II. Nature vs. Nurture A. Nature: Genetic Factors 1. Nature Defined 2. Genes Defined 3. Human Genome Project B. Nurture: Environmental Factors 1. Nurture Defined 2. Biological and Social Environment C. Behavioral Genetics III. Twins A. Twins Defined B. Types of Twins 1. Identical Twins 2. Fraternal Twins C. Twin Studies 1. Definition and Validity 2. The Skeptics of Twin Studies and Their Concerns 3. Minnesota Twin Study of Twins Reared Apart 4. Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA) 5. Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) D. Twin Stories 1. Jim Twins 2. Beth and Amy 3. Harold and Bernard Shapiro 4. Judith and Julie Swain 5. Charlie and Bill Duke IV. Nature via Nurture V. Heritability A. Definition B. Personality C. Intelligence D. Toxic Environment E. Disease and Mental Illness VI. Political and Social Ramifications A. Biological Determinism VII. Conclusion An Introduction to Nature vs. Nurture and the Developing Theory of Nature via Nurture Are we exclusively the creation of nature or the reflection of nurture? The first attempt to study nature and nurture was published by Sir Francis Galton in 1865. (Plomin, 2004) Galton wanted to know how to measure intelligence, what the components were and the degree to which it was inherited. (Santrock, 2004) He would be the first of many researchers to question the role of heredity. The first twin and adoption studies were published in 1924 by Sophie Van Senden Theis. (Plomin, ... ...nce on life events during the last half of the life span. Psychology and Aging. 5(1), 25-30. Plomin, R., Reiss, D.R., Hetherington, E.M., Howe, G.W. (1994) Nature and nurture: genetic contributions to measures of the family environment. Developmental Psychology. 30(1), 32-43. Ridley, M. (2003). What makes you who you are. Time. 161(22), 54-60. Santrock, J.W. (2004). Child development. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. Segal, N. L. (1999). Entwined lives: Twins and what they tell us about human behavior. New York: Dutton Segal, N. L. (1999). New twin studies show: The career of your dreams may be the career of your genes. Psychology Today, 32(5), 54-8. Wright, L. (1997). Twins and what they tell us about who we are. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Wyatt, J. W. (1993). Identical Twins, Emergenesis, and Environments. American Psychologist. 1294-1295. Nature vs. Nurture and the Developing Theory of Nature via Nurture Essa Outline Thesis: At the moment, there is no definitive answer to the question of nature vs. nurture, there is, however, compelling evidence that the theory of Nature via. Nurture could be the solution. I. Introduction A. Nature versus Nurture II. Nature vs. Nurture A. Nature: Genetic Factors 1. Nature Defined 2. Genes Defined 3. Human Genome Project B. Nurture: Environmental Factors 1. Nurture Defined 2. Biological and Social Environment C. Behavioral Genetics III. Twins A. Twins Defined B. Types of Twins 1. Identical Twins 2. Fraternal Twins C. Twin Studies 1. Definition and Validity 2. The Skeptics of Twin Studies and Their Concerns 3. Minnesota Twin Study of Twins Reared Apart 4. Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA) 5. Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) D. Twin Stories 1. Jim Twins 2. Beth and Amy 3. Harold and Bernard Shapiro 4. Judith and Julie Swain 5. Charlie and Bill Duke IV. Nature via Nurture V. Heritability A. Definition B. Personality C. Intelligence D. Toxic Environment E. Disease and Mental Illness VI. Political and Social Ramifications A. Biological Determinism VII. Conclusion An Introduction to Nature vs. Nurture and the Developing Theory of Nature via Nurture Are we exclusively the creation of nature or the reflection of nurture? The first attempt to study nature and nurture was published by Sir Francis Galton in 1865. (Plomin, 2004) Galton wanted to know how to measure intelligence, what the components were and the degree to which it was inherited. (Santrock, 2004) He would be the first of many researchers to question the role of heredity. The first twin and adoption studies were published in 1924 by Sophie Van Senden Theis. (Plomin, ... ...nce on life events during the last half of the life span. Psychology and Aging. 5(1), 25-30. Plomin, R., Reiss, D.R., Hetherington, E.M., Howe, G.W. (1994) Nature and nurture: genetic contributions to measures of the family environment. Developmental Psychology. 30(1), 32-43. Ridley, M. (2003). What makes you who you are. Time. 161(22), 54-60. Santrock, J.W. (2004). Child development. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. Segal, N. L. (1999). Entwined lives: Twins and what they tell us about human behavior. New York: Dutton Segal, N. L. (1999). New twin studies show: The career of your dreams may be the career of your genes. Psychology Today, 32(5), 54-8. Wright, L. (1997). Twins and what they tell us about who we are. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Wyatt, J. W. (1993). Identical Twins, Emergenesis, and Environments. American Psychologist. 1294-1295.

The United States Constitutional History History Essay

The United States of America is a land of free-spirited people where they lead lives of their pick, in general footings, of class. The authorities that runs the state bases itself upon the Constitution, one of the oldest written fundamental laws in the universe today. The figure one aim that lay behind the creative activity of a written Constitution was to put the foundations for a strong and well-disciplined cardinal authorities in order to counter the effects of the old ages of agitation and emotion that had been caused by the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union that had served as the agencies of regulating the independent settlements of America from 1778 forward ( US Constitution: Americans.Net, 2010 ) . The United States Constitution has been functioning as the theoretical account upon which several other authoritiess all over the universe have based their ain fundamental laws ( Katz, 2010 ) . In the United States, the Constitution serves as the footing for all Torahs, and this paper focuses on the unbelievable history of the papers and how it relates to Americans ‘ lives today. The Constitution was written in the City of Brotherly Love, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1787. The Continental Congress of the New American Republic was responsible for its devise, and the settlements really adopted the Constitution in 1789. The intent of the authorities is found in the Preamble to the Constitution. For the authorities to be a success, the Establishing Fathers established three primary rules on which the American authorities is based: built-in rights or rights that anyone life in America has ; self authorities or authorities by the people ; and separation of powers, or subdivisions with different powers. Through the clip since the Constitution was drafted, this papers has seemingly worked ; it has merely been amended twenty seven times. The papers is known as a life papers because it can be amended. The Constitution is a papers strong plenty for safety, and at the same clip, it is flexible plenty to let for freedoms. The Constitution is organized into three parts: a p reamble that describes the intent of the papers and authorities ; articles that set up how the authorities is structured and how the Fundamental law can be changed ; and the amendments ( alterations to the Constitution ; the first 10 are called the Bill of Rights ) ( Ben ‘s Guide, 2010 ) . As a point of historical mention, the Articles of Confederation were the first written authorities certification of the United States ( Biggs, 2010 ) . It was during the period after the American Revolution or what is besides known as the American War of Independence elsewhere in the universe, that this papers was created so that the several settlements that had been involved in the war could be brought or bound together. The war was fought from 1775 to 1783 between Great Britain and the 13 British settlements that existed in North America and their Alliess France and Spain ( Biggs, 2010 ) . This war resulted in the overthrow of British regulation and the constitution of the new United States of America ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . The 13 settlements that had been under the regulation of Great Britain besides signed The Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the Continental Congress subsequently ratified it on July 4, 1776, which, to this twenty-four hours, is celebrated as the American Independence Day all over the United States. Great Britain officially recognized the long anticipated independency of all of the American settlements through a declaration, the Treaty of Paris, in 1783. Some background about the events of this period and the assorted wars that led to the formal sign language of the Declaration of Independence are necessary in order to understand the conditions of America at that clip ( Katz, 2010 ) . It was during the 1760 ‘s that the Seven Years War that had been fought between the old ages 1756 to 1763 came to an terminal and France ceded Canada to Great Britain ; King George III had in the interim ascended the throne of Great Britain in the twelvemonth 1760. There was great unrest, nevertheless, and the authorities came under a batch of terrible unfavorable judgment from all topographic points, peculiarly from people like John Wilkes ; furthermore, this unrest began to distribute to the British American settlements. During the 1770 ‘s the agitation grew, and dealingss between Great Britain and the 13 American settlements were going progressively stressed. In 1775, things became so badly strained that the contingency of a war interrupting out between the assorted cabals became a world, and at that place was contending in Lexington and Concord in North America, and this heralded the beginning of the American Revolution. Independence that up until so was merely a obsc ure construct became a necessity after the reading of the publication Common Sense by Thomas Paine, who advocated non partial but ‘full ‘ independency ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . In 1776 independency was officially declared, and this declaration was referred to as the Lee Resolution named so after the reading of this papers by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia on June 7, 1776. The papers was presented to the Continental Congress, which was the original federal legislative assembly of the 13 settlements, and that subsequently became the legislative assembly of the independent United States of America from 1774 to 1789, during which clip the American Revolution had taken topographic point. There were, in fact, two Continental United states congresss ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . The alleged Intolerable Acts passed by the British in 1774 to stem the turning unrest in American British settlements acted as the ground for the American Revolution to hold taken topographic point, and this in bend led to the creative activity of the first Continental Congress. These terrible punitory Acts include, among others, the Quartering Act, the Quebec Act, the Currency Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, etc. In add-on, there was the Stamp Act that had led to the formation of the Stamp Congress, and at that place was widespread dissatisfaction and unrest following this act. The settlements were united against the British in their pursuit for independency. This led to the bonding of the settlements and as understanding for them grew, there was a demand for the different authoritiess to maintain in touch with one another, united against the British regulation. The First Continental Congress was hence formed in 1774, but it was highly short lived ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . However, the First Continental Congress was able to carry through the drafting of the Articles of Association, which was really a request of ailments and grudges of the 13 settlements against the British regulation, and stated that certain economic countenances would be imposed so that some kind of declaration would be arrived at. It is widely supposed that this really of import papers had the consequence of rushing the start of the American Revolution. The thought behind the Articles of Association was that all British goods would be boycotted, and exports of goods to Great Britain would be ended, unless the Intolerable Acts were repealed. Though the boycott proved to be successful, but the directive of changing the Intolerable Acts could non be implemented since there was an eruption of unfastened contending at this clip. The Second Continental Congress was formed in the twelvemonth 1775 and functioned until the twelvemonth 1789 ( Katz, 2010 ) . By 1775, the Congress had changed its policy to openly back up rebellions, and the Continental Army was formed to function the map of supplying a individual bid station for the 13 settlements that were contending British regulation. George Washington was nominated as Commander in Chief. Quite a few conflicts back uping the 13 settlements and the rebellion against the British were fought by the Continental Army under George Washington: of note were the Siege of Boston, the Battles of Long Island, Trenton, Princeton, Saratoga, and Yorktown. The Siege of Boston was one of the more of import conflicts fought from 1775 to 1776. Though the besieging was non every bit successful as it was hoped to be, the existent consequence was that the Continental Army became a existent force for the British to think with, and besides united the settlements into a individual force against the dictatorship of the British regulation ( Katz, 2010 ) . The Declaration of Independence in 1776 came during a clip that it was used as a tool for the intent of propaganda, in which the several settlements under British regulation in America tried to acquire those settlements that were still loath to fall in in the battle for independency to fall in them, every bit good as to arouse such foreign assistance as may be possible in this battle for a worthy cause, that of independency. Members of the Continental Congress became united in this battle, though they were really good cognizant that the Revolution could neglect, in which instance they would all lose their lives. Therefore, the Revolution had to win. The constructs of natural jurisprudence and that of self-government were strongly recommended in the declaration. Some of the outside influences on the Declaration of Independence were those of the Act of Abjuration from the Dutch Republic, and the Hagiographas of Algernon Sydney every bit good as those of John Locke. In add-on, several r ules of the establishing male parents ‘ thoughts were besides included in the Declaration, and these served to be the foundation for the authorship of the U.S. Constitution that came shortly thenceforth. The same theoretical account has been used by several other states in the universe in their declarations of independency ( United States Declaration of Independence, 2010 ) . It is a misguided construct that American sires were in fact entirely responsible for the creative activity of the Constitution and the democracy that modern America continues to bask. However, this is a error, since it has been proven that these sires did non really want to make a democracy ; they wanted to make a republican type of authorities that would be meant wholly for the people of America, but that would non supply people from all walks of life to take part in the devising of the authorities by voting and moving as representative leaders of the common people. The sires were really surprised at the consequence that the sign language of the Constitution had created, at the democratic society and authorities that resulted after the confirmation of the Constitution ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . The confirmation in itself was a long one, and it involved in no little portion the reading of the written Constitution by each province for the ground of confirmation, for which each province was required to make an independent ratifying commission headed up by particular delegates. The treatments of the advantages and the disadvantages of the freshly written fundamental law began about instantly after it was signed, and the two opposing cabals of the Federalists ( to whom the bulk of the sires belonged ) , and the Anti-Federalists, who formed the opposing group, brought these frontward. The feeling in America at the clip of the authorship of the Constitution was that of pro-democracy. The political every bit good as the industrial clime was that of a democracy. Peoples who had been considered underclass citizens found themselves to be on a degree with everyone else, and they could even run for office if they desired to make so ( Katz, 2010 ) . Everyone had the right to vote, and people like the common husbandman, the labourer, and the local merchandiser or artisan declared that they excessively had a rightful topographic point within their authorities, and their friends did their best to promote them and to vote them into power. By 1825, the construct of cosmopolitan white male right to vote came into being, and political office came to be meant for the common man excessively. This resulted in political relations going a concern of covering and wheeling where everyone had an equal right to vote and besides to run for office. Monarchy was replaced by democracy, and this led to equality, which up to today is one of the basic rules of democracy in the American Constitution, brought into clear accent by the Declaration of Independence ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . Equality was meant to travel across all walks of life ; for illustration, in the chase of belongings, or of felicity, etc. , and this chase was furthered in a broad every bit good as a actual mode, and people were bit by bit larning to do major determinations on their ain alternatively of depending, as had been the tradition until so, on their higher-ups, who were people wealthier than they were. The long held rules of benevolence and backing by the wealthy who were able to and would traditionally confer wealths or anything else of value on the traditionally hapless and needy was now being replaced at a rapid rate, and these people were going progressively less necessary for the being of the lower categories. Therefore, the system of category differentiation where there was a distinguishable division between the upper and the lower categories based on wealth and other standard was being abolished and was being replaced by an classless society where everyone was an equal in the eyes o f the jurisprudence ( Katz, 2010 ) . The several politicians who were traditionally comfortable blue bloods with big land retentions and with perfectly no involvement in other people ‘s wealth were being replaced by those people who believed in the construct that those who had no function to play in the market place and who would non really be cognizant of the workings of the market topographic point ; hence, entire engagement of all the participants was perfectly necessary, and therefore those blue bloods who did non acquire wholly involved in the workings of the market would decidedly non be cognizant of all its facets of working and would besides non be cognizant of the day-to-day modus operandi in the life of the common adult male. The blue blood was, in fact, being ridiculed for his slothful and even evil behaviour because he was a adult male of leisure and was hence blowing his clip, and the belief that the elect knew what was best was besides altering quickly, and the common adult male was being represented by his ain sort in political relations ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . Equality and equal chance for all, and the engagement of everyone in commercialism and work of his state were taking topographic point. Everyone was extoling the single attempt and this encouraged all those interested to take portion in the workings of the market, therefore conveying the rules of enlightenment and the ensuing republicanism to the bow forepart. Superiority of the elite was abolished and the single attempt was recognized and self-assertion became the norm. The economic destiny rested on the person and this resulted in the crowding of more and more people into the major metropoliss in their hunt for more and better resources to foster their ain economic position. This mode of endeavoring for being better than earlier resulted in the creative activity of an industrial energy that resulted in the development of the spirit of competition and individuality and besides the demand to be difficult working and hardworking, in a topographic point where the demand for labour and commercialism was widely expressed ( Katz, 2010 ) . All labour began to be considered every bit of import, whether it was done with the head or with the custodies, and this became the mantra for the mean American, who kept in head the rule that the American citizen had to fight valorously for the accomplishment of certain ends like rapid advancement and gaining of belongings and felicity at the terminal of it. This spirit of rugged individuality and fight had the consequence of people being wary of one another and non in the least concerned with each other ‘s public assistance ; they besides became cognizant that they would non be able to swear anyone else, particularly one in a place of high quality in the authorities, and this feeling brought about the outgrowth of the new construct of local democracy of the American that personified the thought of interest-group political relations ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . The construct of equality became so embedded in the heads of ordinary people that the mean American came to believe that there was no individual force or individual on Earth who was in any manner at all superior to themselves. Thus it was that the ordinary and common adult male eventually found a voice for his sentiments and he was able to come in the governmental organisation at all points available to him. He was in bend bale to convey to the attending of the authorities all the little and infinitesimal inside informations of which merely he was aware of up until that point of clip. It was at this clip that partiality became an of import characteristic of the American authorities that was built on trust, and people began to organize parties based on the same rule of trust. Government occupations now became ‘payable ‘ and wages were paid to those in authorities services, as against the ages old pattern of volunteering and hence no fee being collectible to voluntaries ( I ntroduction, 2010 ) . American federalism that came into being more than two hundred old ages ago is still in the procedure of encouraging and besides implementing a big figure of alterations in its fundamental law. All the three types of the regulating system of America, the federal and the province and the local are all portion of the lives of the mean American citizen. However, turning outlooks of the people and the interrelatednesss between the different authoritiess have been undergoing huge alterations over the old ages, and these alterations have resulted in the turning complexness of the workings of the authoritiess. The Fundamental law that was formed in the twelvemonth 1787 was based on the federal system of administration, wherein the people of the state would be able to retain their sovereignty while at the same clip deputing some powers to the provinces every bit good as to the national authoritiess ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . This means that the American authorities waistcoats big sum of powers in the provinces wherein they are really wholly functional constitutional civil orders that can do and interrupt their ain determinations for the American citizen at their ain free will. There has been a long raging argument, nevertheless, about the very nature of American federalism, a argument that was started at the clip of the authorship of the Constitution of America. While some like George Washington argued for the vesting of more authorization and powers in the federal authorities, some others like Thomas Jefferson had the sentiment that the American Union must be powerful, and that power should that stay within the provinces merely. The American Civil War ( 1860 to 1865 ) resulted to some extent in the answering and resolution of some of the jobs of American federalism being faced until that clip ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . When President Franklin Delano Roosevelt came to power, the really first act that he performed was that of composing up a plan called the New Deal that served to be the foundation on which most of the modern twenty-four hours plans of Social Security, Compensation for Unemployment and federal public assistance plans meant for the common adult male were based under the maps and responsibilities of the federal authorities, and several of these public assistance plans were administered by the province but financed by the federal authorities, and this led to the development of the federal authorities ‘s ‘grant-in-aid ‘ system. From 1950 to 1960, the federal authorities became singularly responsible for the publicity and the safeguarding of peoples ‘ civil autonomies and civil rights and besides of the abolition of racial segregation and favoritism based on gender and race and ethnicity ( Katz, 2010 ) . Virtually all of the province Torahs that supported segregation of any sort were eliminated. This led to a new development, that of the people of a peculiar province looking up to the federal authorities to seek to work out or to screen out the jobs that they were confronting in their ain place provinces, peculiarly in the affairs of legal personal businesss in which an person could appeal to the Supreme Court at the national degree for justness that was denied to them by their ain province. This construct of the federal authorities being granted with separate powers from that of the province came to be known as the construct of double federalism, whereby the national authorities and the province authoritiess possess an wholly separate set of powers and duties apart from one another ( Katz, 2010 ) . This construct meant that the national and the province authoritiess, though vested with separate powers, must collaborate with each other to cover with the assortment of economic and societal jobs of the population. This concerted federalism lasted from the 1950s to the sixtiess, and one of the most of import responsibilities of these intergovernmental relationships was for the federal authorities to allow assistance to the provinces for some of import grounds that would be reciprocally agreed upon. For case, the building of the interstate main roads in several provinces for which the federal authorities bore more than 90 per centum of the outgo, and besides gave valuable adept advice on the trifles of the building, and besides put up new criterions for the edifice of more roads in America. In this manner, American federalism can be defined as an ongoing and continual procedure of political and economic, every bit good as administrative, aspects that influences the American authorit ies even today ( Katz, 2010 ) . Equally far as constitutional issues are concerned, it has been the widely accepted regulation that Congress will pass its budget in such a manner that it can make economic and political issues at the national degree, therefore doing it possible for national Torahs to decide issues at the province degrees ( issues of land protection, protection against fire, etc. ) that are basically local jobs. However, in 1995, the Court out of the blue held forth the determination that the national authorities did non hold the right to interfere in a province affair and the inquiry of the national authorities exerting authorization on the ordinance of commercialism was besides questioned. This may good be the beginning of the restrictions that will be set for the federal authorities ‘s authorization in approaching old ages. The issue of go forthing the full determination doing procedure of policy devising and support to province and local authoritiess has besides been questioned late ( McLau ghlin, 1936 ) . To happen the beginning point of American constitutional history is a most hard undertaking. There were certain of import rules of constitutional authorities that were in being a long clip before the United States was even founded ; some of these rules are normally, though instead slackly, said to hold had their beginning in the Magna Charta. This means merely that, to cognize to the full the ideas and thoughts that are steadfastly rooted within the constitutional system, it is helpful to cognize the background, the chief class of British constitutional history. There are in the Fundamental law footings and commissariats that unwrap their full significance merely when studied as a portion of English constitutional history: habeas principal, measure of civil death, common jurisprudence, test by jury, and other such phrases. Furthermore, the establishments and the simple, though all of import, constitutional rules were non all of a sudden abandoned in 18th century America. Even in the most current history, the American tribunals have found it necessary to analyze the Torahs and constitutional rules of England, which were really old when the Federal Convention met in 1787 in Philadelphia ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . Furthermore, institutional signifiers, distinguished from rules, were the merchandises of long growing ; to some extent, their beginnings can be traced back to British history. They are, though, more readily seen in the American settlements. When these settlements became provinces, their establishments were emulated in really large step on the existent establishments of the settlements as they had developed in anterior old ages. The framers of the federal Constitution were in bend guided by the province fundamental laws ; they did non come in upon their enormous attempt simply by taking to disregard the yesteryear ; they did non seek in any big grade to contrive what was new and unseasoned. Therefore, a complete constitutional history of the United States would include at least a full lineation of colonial development. Indeed, the provinces as they stand to-day are a portion of our system of authorities, and an thorough intervention of our history would needfully cover with the begin ning and development of province institutional signifiers ; it would, for case, trade with the bicameral system and the place and authorization of the governor. But if one is to compact his work within manageable, comprehensible bounds, he must get down someplace and control his anxiousness to seek beginnings and to portray the forces which worked through the earlier centuries ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . Constitutional history, so, when viewed in its entirety, is of largely illimitable content ; to grok it wholly, one must hold in head the societal and the industrial alteration and motion. Institutions and rules do non develop or travel out of context from each other ; they bear the print of an existent societal demand and of necessary accommodation, though the littorals of clip frequently seem to dart in vain against the walls of wont and of established pattern. However, once more, there is a batch for one individual to see. Among these, he or she must be satisfied by occasional mentions to the societal and economic life that cause constitutional contentions and history for of import findings by electors, legislative assemblies, and tribunals ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . If chronological order is to be followed, instead than merely logical order, we may anticipate to happen this interweaving, and in general it may be necessary to go forth to the reader the comparatively easy undertaking of finding whether the facts and the statements as presented lead to the outgrowth of limited authoritiess and guarded by written fundamental laws or give grounds of the rule of variegation, which is embodied in federal legislative acts. In the heads of the work forces of the twenty-four hours, the aplomb and fully-developed consequences of their ain words were non of class absolutely plain. They were participants in a great motion, to the full of which could non be wholly appreciated ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . The Constitution of the United States is the firm foundation of the American authorities. In 4,543 words, it describes the construction of the authorities and delineates the rights of the American people. No jurisprudence can be passed that contradicts its rules, and surely no individual, or the authorities itself, is exempt from following its dogmas. This is the really ground that it is frequently normally called the supreme jurisprudence of the land ( Ben ‘s Guide, 2010 ) . In many ways, the Constitution has been offering solutions, non merely to the assorted jobs of yearss gone by, but besides to the jobs of today. The Constitution is a life and eupneic papers ; it is most surely non a dead papers without life or spirit. After more than two hundred old ages, we are still protected by the Constitution ‘s basic doctrine. There is non another papers in any state that has the sense of way that the Constitution gives to the American people, for the United States Constitutio n is the footing for all American jurisprudence ( Biggs, 2010 ) .

Promote Equality and Inclusion in Health Essay

1.1 Explain what is meant by * Diversity * Equality * Inclusion Diversity basically means difference. Diversity is about understanding that everyone has things in common but also that everyone is different. Diversity is about embracing those differences because if everything and everyone was the same then life would be boaring. Some examples of diversity are listed below: see more:identify which legislation and codes of practice relating to equality diversity and discrimination * Gender * Race * Culture * Beliefs * Ability * Talent * Personality * Age Equality means that everyone has the right to be treated equally and appropriate for their individual needs. Inclusion is every individuals human right, the aim of inclusion is to embrace everyone irrespective of their differences i.e. sex, race disability, race, religion etc. Everyone should have equal access and opportunities. 1.2 Describe the potential effects of discrimination The effects of discrimination show differently for different people, the effects could fall into the physical or psychological categories. Some potential effects of discrimination are: * Anger * Humiliation * Low self esteem * Frustration * Feelings of hopelessness * Fear * Isolation * Weight loss * Weight gain * Loss of drive/motivation * Increased behaviors * Non participation * Lack of education 1.3 Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity Inclusive practices are about making sure that there are no barriers that exclude people or inhibit them from fully participating in all aspects of everyday life in society. Inclusive practices is about constantly challenging areas of society that discriminate against people that are different, ask asking questions like â€Å"what changes need to happen so that everone can participate no matter what differences them may have?†, then doing whatever it takes to make them changes happen. 2.1Explain how legislation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination apply to own work role. The regulatory bodies that exist in the uk have codes of practice, these codes exist for the benefit of both employers and their workforce, they have been designed to improve the quality of services that people receive in the health and social care field. Below are a few requirements set out in codes of practice that apply to my work role in health and social care: * Protect the rights and promote the interests of people and their careers – this is to include * The respect for individuality * The respect for equal opportunities * The respect for diversity * The respect for dignity * The respect for privacy * To establish and maintain the trust of people and their careers – this is to include * No neglect * No abusing * No exploiting * Non forming of improper personal relationships * No discrimination * Don’t abuse trust of confidentiality * No unnecessary risks should be taken * To uphold public trust and confidence in the social care services – this is to include * Maintaining confidentiality * Using effective communication * Honoring commitments * Declaring conflicts of interest * Non acceptance of gifts * Promote the independence of people while protecting them from danger – this is to include * Recognizing the right to take risks * Following risk assessments * Minimizing risks * Informing others of risk assessments * Respect the rights of people while seeking to ensure that their behavior does not cause harm to themselves or other people – this is to include * Maintenance of rights * Challenging dangerous behavior * Reporting dangerous behavior * Following safe practice * Reporting unsafe practice * Help people to make complaints * Follow health and safety regs * Using power responsibly * Be accountable for the quality of one’s own work and to take responsibility for improving knowledge and skills – this is to include * Meeting standards * Maintaining records * Informing employers of personal difficulties If we follow these codes of practice, then my role as a health and social care worker will be greatly improved, and the way in which I support my service users will ensure that their rights and their support levels are met. 3.3 Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that promotes change If I was to witness discrimination whether it is sexual, racial or any other form of discrimination, I would challenge it immediately, I could do this by firstly reporting the incident and recording the facts. I would report it to my line manager as they have more power to help change take place. If colleagues were not treating all service users fairly or promoting diversity I could challenge them in a professional manner, I could tell them than their actions are offending not only myself but they are inflicting a form of abuse on the service users themselves, I could advise them that their words and actions could be subject to disciplinary actions . By actively promoting diversity and equality in my work place I could help change people’s mind and their actions and in doing so I would have helped promote change in my work place